![]() ![]() Their invention of catamarans, outriggers, and crab claw sails enabled the Austronesian Expansion at around 3000 to 1500 BC. 1848Įarly sea-going sailing vessels were used by the Austronesian peoples. South China Sea & Austronesia Ĭhinese junk Keying with a center-mounted rudder post, c. Later during this period-in the late 15th century-"ship-rigged" vessels with multiple square sails on each mast appeared and became common for sailing ships. Later square-rigged vessels too were able to sail to windward, and became the standard for European ships through the Age of Discovery when vessels ventured around Africa to India, to the Americas and around the world. In the Austronesian Indo-Pacific, sailing ships were equipped with fore-and-aft rigs that made sailing to windward possible. Initially sails provided supplementary power to ships with oars, because the sails were not designed to sail to windward. ![]() Commercial sail still continued into the 20th century, with the last ceasing to trade by c. Ultimately the two large stepwise improvements in fuel efficiency of compound and then triple-expansion steam engines made the steamship, by the 1880s, able to compete in the vast majority of trades. Both sailing and steam ships saw large technological improvements over the century. The steamers of the early part of the century had very poor fuel efficiency and were suitable only for a small number of roles, such as towing sailing ships and providing short route passenger and mail services. Sailing and steam ships coexisted for much of the 19th century. The Age of Sail reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries with large, heavily armed battleships and merchant sailing ships. However, commercial sailing vessels could still be found working into the 20th century, although in reducing numbers and only in certain trades.įijian voyaging outrigger boat with a crab claw sail, an example of a typical Austronesian vessel with outriggers and a fore-and-aft sailīy the time of the Age of Discovery-starting in the 15th century-square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages. ![]() By the 1880s, ships with triple-expansion steam engines had the fuel efficiency to compete with sail on all major routes - and with scheduled sailings that were not affected by the wind direction. The many steps of technological development of steamships during the 19th century provided slowly increasing competition for sailing ships - initially only on short routes where high prices could be charged. Most sailing ships were merchantmen, but the Age of Sail also saw the development of large fleets of well-armed warships. ![]() In the European Age of Sail, a full-rigged ship was one with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast. Later developments in Asia produced the junk and dhow-vessels that incorporated features unknown in Europe at the time.Įuropean sailing ships with predominantly square rigs became prevalent during the Age of Discovery (15th to 17th centuries), when they crossed oceans between continents and around the world. The maritime trading network in the Indo-Pacific dates from at least 1500 BC. 3000 BC and propagated through Island Southeast Asia, reaching Near Oceania c. The Austronesian peoples developed maritime technologies that included the fore-and-aft crab-claw sail and with catamaran and outrigger hull configurations, which enabled the Austronesian expansion into the islands of the Indo-Pacific. Įarly sailing ships were used for river and coastal waters in Ancient Egypt and the Mediterranean. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and-aft sails, including the barque, barquentine, and brigantine. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast, for instance some schooners. Some ships carry square sails on each mast-the brig and full-rigged ship, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Showing three-masted examples, progressing from square sails on each to all fore-and-aft sails on each.Ī sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. ![]()
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